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APA Referencing Guide

This online guide is an abridged version of the American Psychological Association (APA, 2020a) 7th edition manual.

 

Direct quotes are seldom self-explanatory and usually need an introductory sentence to link them with the idea you want to illustrate. It should be obvious to the reader why a quotation is included. In other words, it should be directly relevant to the point you are trying to make.

 

Use double quotations marks for quotes less than 40 words.

 

A visual aid providing an example of a quote with up to 40 words. The examples run in one line and have speech marks around the direct quotes. The first example reads: “Many factors emerge in studying classroom behaviour” (Jones, 1997, p. 20). In this example the entire sentence (excluding the citation) is encased with speech marks. The full stop is placed after the citation. The second example provides an alternative way to present the direct quote. It reads: However, as Gentile (1987) described it, the learner “does have a framework for organizing an effective movement” (p. 119). The direct quote was introduced with a narrative citation, and is encased in speech marks after the narrative citation. The direct quote is precisely "does have a framework for organising an effective movement". The page number is placed at the end of the direct quote and is encased in brackets. The full stop is after the page number element.

 

Use indentation for quotes involving more than 40 words.

 

A visual aid providing information on the presentation and formatting of direct quotes with more than 40 words. There is a brief explanation/introduction to the quote which is flush left, before the direct quote is presented in it's own paragraph. The direct quote is indented and has no speech marks. The page number or range is presented (in brackets) at the end of the direct quote before the full stop.

 

Direct quotes must have a page number. When indictating a single page use one 'p.', and for a page range use 'pp.'. Any words added by you to explain the quote or to complete its grammatical correctness must be placed in square brackets. Be sure to include the source of your quote in your references list.

For more information on direct quotes please see page 6 of the referencing guidelines.

 

References

American Psychological Association. (n.d.-a). APA style. https://apastyle.apa.org/ 

American Psychological Association. (n.d.-b). Student sample paper with annotations. APA Style. https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper-format/student-annotated.pdf

American Psychological Association. (2020a). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

American Psychological Association. (2020b, October 21). Student paper setup guide. APA Style. https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/student-paper-setup-guide.pdf

American Psychological Association. (2021a, December). Sample Tables. APA Style. https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/tables-figures/sample-tables

American Psychological Association. (2021b, December). Table setup. APA Style. https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/tables-figures/tables

American Psychological Association. (2022a, July). Appropriate level of citation. APA Style. https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/appropriate-citation

American Psychological Association. (2022b, July). Elements of reference list entries. APA Style. https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/elements-list-entry

American Psychological Association. (2022c, July). Font. APA Style. https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper-format/font

American Psychological Association. (2022d, July). Headings. APA Style. https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper-format/headings

American Psychological Association. (2022e, July). Numbers expressed in numerals. APA Style. https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/numbers/numerals

American Psychological Association. (2022f, July). Numbers expressed in words. APA Style. https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/numbers/words

American Psychological Association. (2022g, July). Paragraph alignment and indentation. APA Style. https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper-format/paragraph-format

American Psychological Association. (2022h, July). Paraphrasing. APA Style. https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/paraphrasing

American Psychological Association. (2022i, July). Quotations. APA Style. https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/quotations

American Psychological Association. (2022j, July). Sample papers. APA Style. https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper-format/sample-papers

American Psychological Association. (2022k, July). Use of italics. APA Style.  https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/italics-quotations/italics

American Psychological Association. (2022l, August). Citing multiple works. APA Style. https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/basic-principles/multiple-works

American Psychological Association. (2023, March). About APA style. https://apastyle.apa.org/about-apa-style

McAdoo, T. (2023, April 7). How to cite ChatGPT. APA Style. https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/how-to-cite-chatgpt

Microsoft. (n.d.-a). Add a heading. https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/add-a-heading-3eb8b917-56dc-4a17-891a-a026b2c790f2

Microsoft. (n.d.-b). Change margins. https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/change-the-margins-in-your-word-document-c95c1ea1-70b1-4dde-a1da-f5aa2042c829

Microsoft. (n.d.-c). Create a hanging indent. https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/create-a-hanging-indent-7bdfb86a-c714-41a8-ac7a-3782a91ccad5

Microsoft. (n.d.-d). Double-space the lines in a document. https://bit.ly/3GRcExu

PSI CHI. (2022, April 5). Webinar: So you need to write a literature review/key tasks & how to accomplish them 03/16/2022 [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/LWMf-FYOpJ8