When paraphrasing, simply substituting synonyms for some of the words is not enough – you need to demonstrate that you understand what the author is saying. You must then acknowledge the author by including the author’s name and the date of publication.

Direct quote of the original source content: “In conservative heteronormative cultures, it is assumed that gender is unchangeable, binary, and always consistent with anatomical sex… In the reality, however, there is a wide variety of both sex and gender…” (Lumenello, 2019, p. 153)

A poorly phrased example: In conservative heteronormative cultures, gender is assumed to be unchangeable and directly correlating with anatomical sex, however both sex and gender exist in a wide variety (Lumenello, 2019).

A well paraphrased example: Contrary to ideologies perpetrated by conservative heteronormativity, sex and gender exist outside of binary constraints. Both feminine and masculine presentation are social constructs that have no real meaning beyond that social rule, and in nature the presentation of female and male sex traits often blurs (Lemenello, 2019).

When you have paraphrased an entire paragraph from the same resource (and each piece of information used is taken from that same resource) you are able to reference as per the rules of long paraphrasing. To reference this source effectively, introduce the source as a full narrative in-text citation before making clear links between the authors of that source and any following sentences. It is important to note that it should be obvious that each sentence relates to the single source.

Long paraphrasing example: Hobbs (2020) outlines that, while a familiar staple in home cooking, mushrooms are also a wealth of nutritional resources. They have a high mineral content and contain a large array of vitamins, such as B12. Additionally, as a strong plant-based source of protein they are a popular alternative to meat, with the benefit of added fiber. Alongside traditional cooking methods, Hobbs points out that mushrooms can be consumed in a variety of ways to facilitate daily dietary needs. Used primarily in traditional Chinese medicine, clinical research has shown that mushrooms offer a number of potential health benefits, from regulating blood sugar to assisting in the prevention of cancer (Hobbs, 2020).

The final sentence of this example is an instance where the context of the sentence does not clearly indicate the same source, so a second citation has been added to alleviate ambiguity.

Direct quotes are seldom self-explanatory and usually need an introductory sentence to link them with the idea you want to illustrate. It should be obvious to the reader why a quotation is included. In other words, it should be directly relevant to the point you are trying to make.

Use double quotations marks for quotes less than 40 words.

A quote with up to 40 words: However, as Gentile (1987) described it, the learner “does have a framework for organizing an effective movement” (p. 119).

Use indentation for quotes involving more than 40 words.

A quote with more than 40 words: According to Greenberg (2011), two different criteria were proposed to determine brain death: the “higherbrain” and the “whole-brain” concepts. He describes the higher-brain formulation as follows:

A brain-dead person is alleged to be dead because his neocortex, the seat of consciousness, has been destroyed. He has thus lost the ability to think and feel – the capacity for personhood – that makes us who we are, and our lives worth living (pp. 37-38).

Direct quotes must have a page number. When indicating a single page use one 'p.', and for a page range use 'pp.'. Any words added by you to explain the quote or to complete its grammatical correctness must be placed in square brackets. Be sure to include the source of your quote in your references list.